Thanks for all you've done
I've missed you for so long
I can't believe you're gone and
You still live in me
I feel you in the wind
You guide me constantly
I never knew what it was to be alone....no
'Cause you were always there for me
You were always home waiting
But now I come home and I miss your face so
Smiling down on me
I close my eyes to see
And I know you're a part of me
And it's your song that sets me free
I sing it while I feel I can't hold on
I sing tonight 'cause it comforts me
I carry the things that remind me of you
In loving memory of the one that was so true
You were as kind as you could be
And even though you're gone
You still mean the world to me
I never knew what is was to be alone....no
'Cause you were always there for me
You were always home waiting
But now I come home and it's not the same no
It feels empty and alone
I just can't believe you're gone
And I know you're a part of me
And it's your song that sets me fee
I sing it while I feel I can't hold on
I sing tonight 'cause it comforts me
I'm glad he set you free from sorrow
But I'll still love you more tomorrow
And you'll be here with me still
All you did you did with feeling
And you always found a meaning
And you always will
And you always will
And you always will
And I know you're a part of me
And it's your song that sets me free
I sing it while I feel I can't hold on
I sing tonight 'cause it comforts me
Tuesday, November 17, 2009
"You and I "
I lose control because of you babe
I lose control when you look at me like this
There's something in your eyes that is saying tonight
I'm not a child anymore, life has opened the door
To a new exciting life
I lose control when I'm close to you babe
I lose control don't look at me like this
There's something in your eyes, is this love at first sight
Like a flower that grows, life just wants you to know
All the secrets of life
It's all written down in your lifelines
It's written down inside your heart
You and I just have a dream
To find our love a place, where we can hide away
You and I were just made
To love each other now, forever and a day
I lose control because of you babe
I lose control don't look at me like this
There's something in your eyes that is saying tonight
I'm so curious for more just like never before
In my innocent life
It's all written down in your lifelines
It's written down inside your heart
You and I just have a dream
To find our love a place, where we can hide away
You and I were just made
To love each other now, forever and a day
Time stands still when the days of innocence
Are falling for the night
I love you girl I always will
I swear I'm there for you
Till the day I die
You and I just have a dream
To find our love a place, where we can hide away
You and I were just made
To love each other now, forever and a day
I lose control when you look at me like this
There's something in your eyes that is saying tonight
I'm not a child anymore, life has opened the door
To a new exciting life
I lose control when I'm close to you babe
I lose control don't look at me like this
There's something in your eyes, is this love at first sight
Like a flower that grows, life just wants you to know
All the secrets of life
It's all written down in your lifelines
It's written down inside your heart
You and I just have a dream
To find our love a place, where we can hide away
You and I were just made
To love each other now, forever and a day
I lose control because of you babe
I lose control don't look at me like this
There's something in your eyes that is saying tonight
I'm so curious for more just like never before
In my innocent life
It's all written down in your lifelines
It's written down inside your heart
You and I just have a dream
To find our love a place, where we can hide away
You and I were just made
To love each other now, forever and a day
Time stands still when the days of innocence
Are falling for the night
I love you girl I always will
I swear I'm there for you
Till the day I die
You and I just have a dream
To find our love a place, where we can hide away
You and I were just made
To love each other now, forever and a day
"Still loving you"
Time, it needs time
To win back your love again
I will be there, I will be there
Love, only love
Can bring back your love someday
I will be there, I will be there
I'll fight, babe, I'll fight
To win back your love again
I will be there, I will be there
Love, only love
Can break down the wall someday
I will be there, I will be there
If we'd go again
All the way from the start
I would try to change
The things that killed our love
Your pride has built a wall, so strong
That I can't get through
Is there really no chance
To start once again
I'm loving you
Try, baby try
To trust in my love again
I will be there, I will be there
Love, our love
Just shouldn't be thrown away
I will be there, I will be there
If we'd go again
All the way from the start
I would try to change
The things that killed our love
Your pride has built a wall, so strong
That I can't get through
Is there really no chance
To start once again
If we'd go again
All the way from the start
I would try to change
The things that killed our love
Yes, I've hurt your pride, and I know
What you've been through
You should give me a chance
This can't be the end
I'm still loving you
I'm still loving you, I need your love
I'm still loving you
To win back your love again
I will be there, I will be there
Love, only love
Can bring back your love someday
I will be there, I will be there
I'll fight, babe, I'll fight
To win back your love again
I will be there, I will be there
Love, only love
Can break down the wall someday
I will be there, I will be there
If we'd go again
All the way from the start
I would try to change
The things that killed our love
Your pride has built a wall, so strong
That I can't get through
Is there really no chance
To start once again
I'm loving you
Try, baby try
To trust in my love again
I will be there, I will be there
Love, our love
Just shouldn't be thrown away
I will be there, I will be there
If we'd go again
All the way from the start
I would try to change
The things that killed our love
Your pride has built a wall, so strong
That I can't get through
Is there really no chance
To start once again
If we'd go again
All the way from the start
I would try to change
The things that killed our love
Yes, I've hurt your pride, and I know
What you've been through
You should give me a chance
This can't be the end
I'm still loving you
I'm still loving you, I need your love
I'm still loving you
"Here in my heart"
Sometimes there's a time you must say goodbye
Though it hurts you must learn to try
I know I've got to let you go
But I know anywhere you go
You'll never be far
'Coz like the light of a bright star
You'll keep shining in my life
You're gonna be right
Here in my heart
That's where you'll be
You'll be with me
Here in my heart
No distance can keep us apart
Long as you're here in my heart
Won't be any tears falling from these eyes
'Coz when love's true love never dies
It stays alive forever
Time can't take away what we have
I will remember our time together
You might think our time is through
But I still have you
Here in my heart
That's where you'll be
You'll be with me
Here in my heart
No distance can keep us apart
Long as you're here in my heart
I know you'll be back again
And 'till then
My love is waiting
Here in my heart
That's where you'll be
You'll be with me
Here in my heart
No distance can keep us apart
Long as you're here in my heart
Baby I Love You
Though it hurts you must learn to try
I know I've got to let you go
But I know anywhere you go
You'll never be far
'Coz like the light of a bright star
You'll keep shining in my life
You're gonna be right
Here in my heart
That's where you'll be
You'll be with me
Here in my heart
No distance can keep us apart
Long as you're here in my heart
Won't be any tears falling from these eyes
'Coz when love's true love never dies
It stays alive forever
Time can't take away what we have
I will remember our time together
You might think our time is through
But I still have you
Here in my heart
That's where you'll be
You'll be with me
Here in my heart
No distance can keep us apart
Long as you're here in my heart
I know you'll be back again
And 'till then
My love is waiting
Here in my heart
That's where you'll be
You'll be with me
Here in my heart
No distance can keep us apart
Long as you're here in my heart
Baby I Love You
Monday, November 16, 2009
Sunday, November 15, 2009
Exercise microP
Exercises
1. What input voltage results in an output of 2 V in the circuit of Fig. 13.44?
Fig. 13.44 : Problem 1
2. Calculate the output voltage developed by the circuit of Fig. 13.48 for Rf = 330 kW
Fig. 13.48 : Problem 12
Saturday, November 14, 2009
"Run"
I'll sing it one last time for you
Then we really have to go
You've been the only thing that's right
In all I've done
And I can barely look at you
But every single time I do
I know we'll make it anywhere
Away from here
Light up, light up
As if you have a choice
Even if you cannot hear my voice
I'll be right beside you dear
Louder louder
And we'll run for our lives
I can hardly speak I understand
Why you can't raise your voice to say
To think I might not see those eyes
Makes it so hard not to cry
And as we say our long goodbye
I nearly do
Light up, light up
As if you have a choice
Even if you cannot hear my voice
I'll be right beside you dear
Louder louder
And we'll run for our lives
I can hardly speak I understand
Why you can't raise your voice to say
Slower slower
We don't have time for that
All I want is to find an easier way
To get out of our little heads
Have heart my dear
We're bound to be afraid
Even if it's just for a few days
Making up for all this mess
Light up, light up
As if you have a choice
Even if you cannot hear my voice
I'll be right beside you dear
the malay
BOOK SUMMARY
The author started with the brief introduction background of race relations in Malaya prior to independence. As we all know there a few races here in Malaya. It is known that the harmonies between these races are never existed. Racial harmony in Malaya was therefore neither real nor deep-rooted. Malay with their own races, same goes to Chinese and Indian. The harmony between this races changed depends on which foreign power rule Malaya, whether it is British, Europe or Japanese. But under Japanese rule, the harmony between Chinese and Malay are in worst condition. The only time that the harmony exists for a little while is when seeking for Malayan Independence. The Sino-Malay was committed to the promises and agreements which had been reached prior to achievement of independence specifically to minimize racial antagonism.
This is what went wrong. The government misassumption with the harmony between the Sino-Malay prior to independence day and the thoughts that the Chinese only interested in wealth and business while Malays are only interested in being government servant. The Malay become more and more insecure when the governments are most likely to favor the Chinese and the government failed to correct the real imbalance in the wealth and progress of the races.
The other reasons that lead to the misunderstanding between Sino-Malay are that the government never took the public critics into serious meeting or discussion. The only discussion that they have is only to show to public that the formality, nothing actually happen during the meeting and the old problem stays the same without solution. But when it comes to party election, the Ministers will busy handling check. This is the only time they showed to public that they actually cared, and just because to get their votes. This is what happens before the 13 May 1969 where the war was started because of race issues. The government failed to communicate with public in order to make that relationship between these races harmony.
Furthermore, the author in other hand are discussing about heredity. There are few people that curious about the races inheritance. Is it true that the trait has been passed from grandparents to their grandchildren? What kind of trait that been passed? Either it is dominant or it is recessive.
Let’s us look from the scientist that studied the existence of heredity factors and their transmission through genes, Gregor Johann Mendel. The Mendel’s Law states that the children are not from the product of both parents. There will be one dominant trait that will be inherited by children either from the mother of the father, depending on whom has the dominant traits. The experiment has been done in breeding white and brown mice. The results from the experiment proved that it will produce more white mice, not the white spotted brown mice. But the result is different if they inbreed the produced white mice together; it will produce both white and brown mice with ratio four to 1. What can we conclude from this results is that the heredity is passed naturally from the ancestor.
That’s all about the heredity that affects the race development. Here is another factor that affects the development of the race and its evolution. Taken from anonymous, ‘we tend to act depending on where we lives’. The environment plays a very important role in people’s life. If the person is being brought up in Muslim community, they will automatically live their live according to the law that is being set prior to the place. Most Malays traditionally were a farmer. They live in a small village whereas the rajas and the high rank Malay are somewhere in a city. While the Chinese and Indian also lives in different geography. Most Chinese works as a miner in a gold mining while the Indian are famous with their role as a servant to the estate owner.
That’s the early environment that has been reform since before independence. The group of races develops within their own environment and it become bigger and modern day by day. As the time flies, the people learned how to socialize with others and this relationship evolved more with mixed marriage.
The author also describes the economic history of the Malays during the different periods of Malayan history which leads to the present-day conditions. The author highlights the situation where by the Chinese monopolies the economy in Malaysia as if they are inevitable.
In the history of the Malay sultanates of Kedah, Kelantan and Malacca, lots of foreign merchants like the Indians and the Arabs came to Malaya except the Chinese to do import and export business using barter system. They introduce money as sophisticated business and soon after that, the Chinese started to come into Malaya. The Chinese merchants knows well in ingratiated them with all levels of authority in the states which later gives advantages to them in doing business freely in Malaya.
During the arrival of the Portuguese, the Dutch and the British, the Chinese had lots of advantages as they know the local language and know all the locals networking. These European traders are willing to do anything including conquering the state in order to maximize their profits and that is when the Chinese came in handy. From this partnership, the Chinese population in Malaya increased due to migration of skilled workers and unskilled coolies and under the British protection, their business becomes very profitable.
Thousands of Malays in the urban areas had lost their jobs with the Government when the Japanese retrenched Government staffs and these people mostly get involved in hawking and peddling to survive. At this time, some of the Malays realized of the dilemma their having but sadly there was no determination to be put on it. When the war has ended, the Chinese business was disrupted but they manage to back on their business by starting black-market deals and had contracts with the British Military Administration.
In the early years after the war, the Malays had difficulties in adapting with the bribery and manipulation in the business fields. The gap with the non-Malays is obvious therefore the British let the Malays administer their own fund and have five million dollars to them under Rural and Industrial Development Authority (RIDA). The money which can be used to help the Malay businessmen was given to the poor instead. Although, RIDA failed the objective, it has open up the Malays eyes towards the economy activities in the country.
In 1957, Malaya gained independence and one of the results is the appointment of Malays as directors in large non-Malay companies. Even though the Government receives a lot of critics on this policy, in the end it proves that the Malays can actually work in these firms. Then the Government introduced the policy of favoring Malays with license for business and this had caused “Ali-Baba” business set-up where by the Malays only accepting the royalties from their established non-Malays companies. Since some of them did not even keep up with the company growth, the future of the Malay participation in commercial life would be bleak.
The author stressed that the Malays themselves have to take partially blame of the dilemma. Instead of stop doing business when the Chinese brings in new technology or new materials, the Malays should have learned to adept to these new things. From the drastic change in the Malays view on politics, there can be a drastic change in other fields as well. The Malays should change for better.
Racial equality is needed for achieving racial harmony. Racial disparity is not characteristic of Malaysia alone. An example is racial problem in the United States of America. All citizens in United States of America are equal before the law only that there are a few states where even the law is discriminatory, but the Federal Constitution accords the Negroes and Red Indians equal status with every other American citizen. The racial inequality in United States of America is not resulting from discriminatory law but from social and economic ostracism. Whites will not stay in blacks vacated building so poor blacks move in and that is how the hood becomes ghetto. It is cheaper to employ whites in the long run since their work output is greater and their standards are higher. Red Indian has not reacted as violently as the Negroes because their numbers are small and they are scattered. Legal status is not enough. To be equal is to be accepted into every aspect of society.
The racial inequality in United States is very relevant to Malaysia but not as great. The Malays are the same category as the Red Indian. The most significant law is concerned with Malay Land Reserve because although the Malays called Malaya Tanah Melayu, there is actually no real land belonging to them. The most unfair excision of Malay Reserve land was that involving tin-bearing in Perak. Valuable Malay Reserve lands were exchanged for worthless jungle of no use. The unfortunate position of the Malays, which prompted the laws, has not been completely corrected. Another ‘legal’ inequality concerned with education. Educationally, the Malays are far behind the other communities. The reason for this poor showing of Malay students is their chronic poverty and rural background. One way the Government is helping education is by granting scholarships. The best schools are in towns whose population are almost exclusively non-Malay. Urban child definitely has greater chance of going there than a rural child.
Every year the examination results show acute disparity between races. For years to come the average higher educational qualifications of the Malays are going to lag behind other races. The usual competition between applicants for entry into the universities is going to work to the disadvantage of the Malays. The bigger the difference between available places and number of applicants, the smaller is the chance for the Malays. This leads to lesser chances of urbanizing. The less urban the Malays are, the greater the inequality between the races. Employment opportunities for the Malays are limited because of the discrimination in commercial and business circles controlled by non-Malays. In Government there is no such discrimination. But poor education of the Malays has not been taken into account within this non-discriminatory exercise.
In Malaysia, the fact that every community feels that it is being discriminated against is proof that racial equality is not very well understood. For the non-Malays their discontent and resentment is the presence of laws and policies that seems to favor the Malays. Their idea is that they are the second class citizens. Repealing this so-called discriminatory laws will not only fail to create racial equality but will widen the gap between races. Races are also distinguished by character. Inherent racial character explains the rapid recovery of Germany and Japan after they are defeated in World War 2 and development of South America lags behind compared to North America although both have equal rich resources. Racial character and behavior cannot be changed rapidly by man-made law. Still the change is possible. It takes times to adjust to and also incentive plus a favorable atmosphere.
The basis of the Malay claim to discrimination is not man-made laws but inherent human behavior of the major racial groups in Malaysia. The Malays are naturally spiritually inclined, tolerant and easy-going while the non-Malays especially the Chinese are materialistic, aggressive and have appetite for work. To reach balance or equality these strikingly races need to adjust to each other. When the meaning of racial equality is understood that is the time when understanding and goodwill come to make it work.
The author started his point referring to national unity in United States of America. This country has a good example of nation-building. They prove that the king is not important in uniting people. After a few years after independence, the settlers of Anglo-Saxon began admitting immigrants from Russians to Chinese. These colonies has filled up with immigrants and one way to create harmony and unity was to following the US rule which state that if they want to live in those colonies and want to be nationals, they had to learn English as the national language and has to accept the fact that the language will be used in everyday life. After a few decades, the immigrants automatically will leave their own language and accept English as their daily spoken language but the culture is not forgotten at all. The new culture is practiced because the culture was allowed to develop freely.
By the end of the chapter the author point out that Malaysia can achieve unity if the agreements are provided and all of the people are agreed to the chosen language, the culture, and the religions. Malaysian in order to be one nation, all of them should follow the laws, not avoiding it and just say yes but then forget it. Discrimination should be eliminated and inter-racial marriage should be encouraged to be one united nation.
The Malay dilemma is defined in this chapter, it is stated that it is not merely economic but political as well. Today everyone talks of the relationship between racial friction and the unequal development of the different races in Malaysia. At one time it was thought that the best way to treat this disparity was to ignore it. Some even believed that there was no dilemma because the Malays had no wish to be anything but their modest selves. For the Malay dilemma is also a Malaysian dilemma. The Malaysian nation cannot expect to thrive and prosper with this cancer eating away at its heart. The Malays form a substantial portion of the population and anything affecting them must affect the nation. It is therefore imperative that a determined attempt be made to solve this dilemma.
The first need is revolution. Revolution is a word which is unduly feared in Malaysia. Revolution creates visions of assassinations and anarchy. But revolutions can be creative and orderly if the mechanics are understood by those best able to carry them through. The alternative is evolution. Evolution cannot be properly controlled in speed or in objective. It depends far too much on circumstances and a multitude of factors difficult to detect and therefore difficult to utilize and control. If revolution is to be a carefully to the Malay problem in Malaysia, it must be a carefully planned revolution; it must be enlightened and it must avoid the pitfalls and mistakes of other revolutions. This is where an analysis of the Malay character, culture and abilities is useful. For a revolution to succeed in Malaysia, it is essential that we recognize what can be done away with and what remain and even be propagated. The object is the betterment of the Malays and not the destruction of others. Malays can be made to take their proper place in Malaysian society without having to displace others.
The first thing that comes to mind is that the vast majority of Malays is feudalist and wishes to remain so. A revolution which starts off by preaching the destruction of the established monarchical order will therefore fail. It will not win the support of the majority of orthodox Malays. In any case, the monarchy has done no real harm to the Malays or to anyone else. The maintenance of the system is no doubt costly, but being separated from power, the rulers cannot constitute a tyranny. Beside a Malaya without rulers would mean the complete eclipse of the Malays. It is the rulers who have in the past furnished, and continue to present the Malay character of Malaya. Remove them, and the last vestige of traditional Malaya would disappear. This is why the Malays have remained feudalist despite their new education and political sophistication.
Urbanization, acquisition of new skills and the acceptance by the Malays of new values which are still compatible with their religion and their basically feudal outlook would constitute revolution. Admittedly there is nothing new in these suggestions. All these things are indeed happening. But so far, the pace is a process of gentle evolution involving neither concerted action nor ruthlessness in implementation. The whole process must be planned and executed with speed and thoroughness to produce complete and radical changes in the Malays. If the revolution is brought about they would be rehabilitated and their dilemma would be over. The nation would be able to progress without the burden of a Malay problem.
The author elaborates on his view on problems faced by Malays in Malaya in those days during the ruling of British, Japan and with the influence of Thai Government at a point. Since the Malays are exceptionally known by their personality of polite and considerate of others, it is difficult for them to accept the Chinese and Indian as part of Malaya citizen as they did not value these traits they practice. Malays are considered owners of Malaya based on a few proves taken during the administration of British whereby they recognize the Sultan as the leader of each state in Malaya and when any decisions regarding Malaya is being made, The Malays have the Veto Power in deciding as compared to decisions by Chinese and Indians.
Looking in global scope on how nationality of immigrants is being fix on, the Australians administration which are off British breed decided to equalized personality and culture of its immigrants to be an international Australian personality. So as in The United States, immigrants who wish to be an American citizen is required to take an English test and is expected to practice the common culture of Americans. The similarity between these two countries is that immigrants are not trying to fight for their culture to be part of the country’s culture while they are still free to practice it.
The situation of nationalization on immigrants is different in Malaya; as The Chinese and Indians fight for equality in nationality status with the Malays as they claim that they have been here long enough and have contribute to the prosperity of this land. The author expressed his thoughts on why general equality in nationality is not possible and why any decision on immigrant’s nationality must be based on The Malays agreement by stating that Malays are purely citizen of Malaya and it has been proved by certification by the Japanese Emperor, Chinese Emperor, Thai Emperor, and Vietnamese Emperor.
Language and nationality have been a big issue for Malays and immigrants during those days. It symbolizes unity and common traits citizens of a nation shared. As Chinese and Indians are free to practice their language and education system, it is not fair to say or give them equal nationality as what the Malays get. National identity in diverse culture is hard to measure but nevertheless, Malays still have the sole power to determine it all. Nationality in Malaya is never claimed as the immigrants’ rights, and usually can be identified after a few generations of immigrants have resided at a foreign place.
The author insisted that an understanding of the value systems and ethical codes of the Malays is a prerequisite for the planning of their future. He believed that there are several factors contributed to the value systems of the Malays, he explains that “Islam is the greatest single influence on the Malay value concepts and ethical codes. But it is important to remember that it is not so much the religion, but the interpretation of the doctrines of Islam which has the most significant effect”. The author continued to say that “contact with the non-Malay world has also influenced the value system of the Malays. This contact may be divided into two; that is, with the non-Malay Muslim world of which the most significant is contact with the Arab world both at home and abroad; and contact with the non Muslim people, the Europeans, the Chinese and others”.
Subsequently, the author has discussed a few moral concepts such as good, pleasure, formality, temperance, courage and ritual from the Malays point of view. He elaborates that “the Malay community regards life as transient and is a time when one prepares for the hereafter. Worldly life is therefore dedicated not to pleasure or merriment but to serious religious thought and obedience to the injunctions of religion. To be too preoccupied with worldly things, such as accumulation of wealth, is bad”. With regard to time, the author summarizes that “Life is related to time. To live is to exist for a period of time. Life and time are therefore inseparable. If life is valued, time must be valued. Unfortunately this relationship between life and time does not seem to be appreciated by the Malays. Life is valuable but time is not”.
Then, the author has conclude the code of ethics and value systems of the Malay by saying “Malays do not understand the potential capacity of money special of those who reside in rural areas, even among the urban Malays personal finance is not widely exercised and therefore concepts like money saving is hardly applied and that is what makes the Malays poor businessmen”.
Communal politics and parties are those politics and parties that follow certain group/community or race interest. The author pointed that communalism has long existed, and despite claims to the contrary, there are no truly non-communal political parties in Malaysia. All political parties are communal in their politics, he continued. The only difference between the parties is their approach to the racial problem. He then explained the two schools of thought on this issue.
The first group believes in openly accepting racial differences and finding ways and means to minimize these differences in order to achieve an equitable society. The other group believes in ignoring the fact of racial differences, and in an atmosphere of instant equality between citizens, they pursue their politics which, in analysis show to be extremely communal.
The author noted that those who say “forget race” are either naïve or knaves. He continued on to say that an equitable society would promote racial integration. And of course if the races are integrated, not only would racial politics be anachronistic but racial political parties would fail to find enough support to survive. Equality has to be established first for race loyalties to disappear and integration to take place.
Finally the author decided to compare Malaysia and Singapore interests, indicating that both countries need each other. He explained how the countries differs and how they similar with common interest by explaining the factors that affect relationship between sovereign nations and that include; geography, history, ideology, ethnic origin, and language.
After explaining these factors the author said “Malaysia and Singapore can therefore be close friends, partners in trade and possibly allies in peace and war.” He closed the chapter by explaining that whether friendly relations without trade dependence will be to Singapore’s liking is another question. But it is quite clear that what happens between Malaysia and Singapore depends very much on what Singapore chooses to do.
AUTHOR’S OPINIONS REVIEW
The author was the fourth Prime Minister and the most important person for Malaysia’s rapid modernization. The contents in this book are his interpretation of the Malay’s point of view. The reason why he wrote this book is that he want to explain the causes for the 13 May riots in Kuala Lumpur, to explain why the Malays are economically backwards and many other issues about Malays.
We do agree with author’s point of view as the fact that have been told in the book are very strong combining with the incident that happens back in 1950s were real. The author comments on what went wrong with Malays indeed are true with the Chinese situation and Malays feeling that feel insecure with the situation after a few election. Until now the Chinese still argued about the Malays privileged that they don’t get the favor. For us, it is obvious that Malays have more privileged rather than Chinese because Malaya is Malays land. The Chinese and Indians are the immigrants who become locals because of their long stay in Malaya. That is the point that the author said in the book and we agreed to that.
Also on the economic chapter, we agreed with the author about the fact that the Malays are a little backwards in economy and business area. The Chinese monopolized this area because they know well in ingratiated them with all levels of authority in the states which later gives advantages to them in doing business freely in Malaya. They become more powerful when the British are willingly to protect them in order to maximize their profits. That’s the reason why Chinese population increased because of the arrival of the skillful workers and a few of unskillful coolies. We couldn’t agree more with the author as all of these stories are all over the Malaya history and everybody knows what happen back in 1950s.
THE MORAL VALUES & SELF-RELATED
The content of this book highlights majorly about the Malays and the dilemmas which mostly in economical and political fields. From the book, we learned about the most important qualities in bringing our nation up like the desire to keep and being an astute in most situations which is crucial. Being a final year student, we have to prepare ourselves with the challenges that we will be facing when working with other peoples and quickly adept to the situation. Besides, we also have to have the desire to learn on the particular fields so that we can improve and succeed in whatever field we join when working.
The author stressed that the lack of determination makes the Malays fall deeply into the dilemma. As students, we should determine in doing any tasks and also determine to prove our point so that others will not think that it is just another cheap talk from us. In reality, people will not take you seriously if you are lack of determination thus they will not open big opportunities to improve ourselves.
Finally, from the book, we learned that if we are succeeding in any fields we are joined, the achievement is not only for us but also for our nation. Thus, it is important for us to always remember that to keep the pride of our nations and will not be rejected by any other nations in the future.
THE RATIONALITY TO THE MALAYSIAN STUDIES COURSE
The Malay Dilemma is a critical and balanced analysis of Malaysia's preferential race policy and its impact on the nation's delicate race dynamics and economy. It helps us to indulge into the factors which are critical to nations’ prosperity in terms of economy and peacefulness as we are soon going to be part of the economy actors when we graduate, besides helping us to possibly nurture out the sense of understanding to different races in Malaysia at the end of this report. In line with the proposed learning outcomes of Malaysian Studies, this book explains the history on nations’ early struggle to strive on becoming an independent and harmony state at the same time discovering the hardships faced by warriors in the making of Malaysia. Studying this book have open up our minds to be more interested into discovering ways that we can excel our nation even more successfully to the next stage, by which requires successful integration between different races. This book have broaden our mind to appreciate as we continue on the Malaysian Studies syllabus and have become an extra material for us to refer to in the process of learning this course. We have also learned and are able to relate to the nation’s identity and citizenship to ourselves and it helps our international student member in our team to understand how Malaysia was and how it has become.
The author started with the brief introduction background of race relations in Malaya prior to independence. As we all know there a few races here in Malaya. It is known that the harmonies between these races are never existed. Racial harmony in Malaya was therefore neither real nor deep-rooted. Malay with their own races, same goes to Chinese and Indian. The harmony between this races changed depends on which foreign power rule Malaya, whether it is British, Europe or Japanese. But under Japanese rule, the harmony between Chinese and Malay are in worst condition. The only time that the harmony exists for a little while is when seeking for Malayan Independence. The Sino-Malay was committed to the promises and agreements which had been reached prior to achievement of independence specifically to minimize racial antagonism.
This is what went wrong. The government misassumption with the harmony between the Sino-Malay prior to independence day and the thoughts that the Chinese only interested in wealth and business while Malays are only interested in being government servant. The Malay become more and more insecure when the governments are most likely to favor the Chinese and the government failed to correct the real imbalance in the wealth and progress of the races.
The other reasons that lead to the misunderstanding between Sino-Malay are that the government never took the public critics into serious meeting or discussion. The only discussion that they have is only to show to public that the formality, nothing actually happen during the meeting and the old problem stays the same without solution. But when it comes to party election, the Ministers will busy handling check. This is the only time they showed to public that they actually cared, and just because to get their votes. This is what happens before the 13 May 1969 where the war was started because of race issues. The government failed to communicate with public in order to make that relationship between these races harmony.
Furthermore, the author in other hand are discussing about heredity. There are few people that curious about the races inheritance. Is it true that the trait has been passed from grandparents to their grandchildren? What kind of trait that been passed? Either it is dominant or it is recessive.
Let’s us look from the scientist that studied the existence of heredity factors and their transmission through genes, Gregor Johann Mendel. The Mendel’s Law states that the children are not from the product of both parents. There will be one dominant trait that will be inherited by children either from the mother of the father, depending on whom has the dominant traits. The experiment has been done in breeding white and brown mice. The results from the experiment proved that it will produce more white mice, not the white spotted brown mice. But the result is different if they inbreed the produced white mice together; it will produce both white and brown mice with ratio four to 1. What can we conclude from this results is that the heredity is passed naturally from the ancestor.
That’s all about the heredity that affects the race development. Here is another factor that affects the development of the race and its evolution. Taken from anonymous, ‘we tend to act depending on where we lives’. The environment plays a very important role in people’s life. If the person is being brought up in Muslim community, they will automatically live their live according to the law that is being set prior to the place. Most Malays traditionally were a farmer. They live in a small village whereas the rajas and the high rank Malay are somewhere in a city. While the Chinese and Indian also lives in different geography. Most Chinese works as a miner in a gold mining while the Indian are famous with their role as a servant to the estate owner.
That’s the early environment that has been reform since before independence. The group of races develops within their own environment and it become bigger and modern day by day. As the time flies, the people learned how to socialize with others and this relationship evolved more with mixed marriage.
The author also describes the economic history of the Malays during the different periods of Malayan history which leads to the present-day conditions. The author highlights the situation where by the Chinese monopolies the economy in Malaysia as if they are inevitable.
In the history of the Malay sultanates of Kedah, Kelantan and Malacca, lots of foreign merchants like the Indians and the Arabs came to Malaya except the Chinese to do import and export business using barter system. They introduce money as sophisticated business and soon after that, the Chinese started to come into Malaya. The Chinese merchants knows well in ingratiated them with all levels of authority in the states which later gives advantages to them in doing business freely in Malaya.
During the arrival of the Portuguese, the Dutch and the British, the Chinese had lots of advantages as they know the local language and know all the locals networking. These European traders are willing to do anything including conquering the state in order to maximize their profits and that is when the Chinese came in handy. From this partnership, the Chinese population in Malaya increased due to migration of skilled workers and unskilled coolies and under the British protection, their business becomes very profitable.
Thousands of Malays in the urban areas had lost their jobs with the Government when the Japanese retrenched Government staffs and these people mostly get involved in hawking and peddling to survive. At this time, some of the Malays realized of the dilemma their having but sadly there was no determination to be put on it. When the war has ended, the Chinese business was disrupted but they manage to back on their business by starting black-market deals and had contracts with the British Military Administration.
In the early years after the war, the Malays had difficulties in adapting with the bribery and manipulation in the business fields. The gap with the non-Malays is obvious therefore the British let the Malays administer their own fund and have five million dollars to them under Rural and Industrial Development Authority (RIDA). The money which can be used to help the Malay businessmen was given to the poor instead. Although, RIDA failed the objective, it has open up the Malays eyes towards the economy activities in the country.
In 1957, Malaya gained independence and one of the results is the appointment of Malays as directors in large non-Malay companies. Even though the Government receives a lot of critics on this policy, in the end it proves that the Malays can actually work in these firms. Then the Government introduced the policy of favoring Malays with license for business and this had caused “Ali-Baba” business set-up where by the Malays only accepting the royalties from their established non-Malays companies. Since some of them did not even keep up with the company growth, the future of the Malay participation in commercial life would be bleak.
The author stressed that the Malays themselves have to take partially blame of the dilemma. Instead of stop doing business when the Chinese brings in new technology or new materials, the Malays should have learned to adept to these new things. From the drastic change in the Malays view on politics, there can be a drastic change in other fields as well. The Malays should change for better.
Racial equality is needed for achieving racial harmony. Racial disparity is not characteristic of Malaysia alone. An example is racial problem in the United States of America. All citizens in United States of America are equal before the law only that there are a few states where even the law is discriminatory, but the Federal Constitution accords the Negroes and Red Indians equal status with every other American citizen. The racial inequality in United States of America is not resulting from discriminatory law but from social and economic ostracism. Whites will not stay in blacks vacated building so poor blacks move in and that is how the hood becomes ghetto. It is cheaper to employ whites in the long run since their work output is greater and their standards are higher. Red Indian has not reacted as violently as the Negroes because their numbers are small and they are scattered. Legal status is not enough. To be equal is to be accepted into every aspect of society.
The racial inequality in United States is very relevant to Malaysia but not as great. The Malays are the same category as the Red Indian. The most significant law is concerned with Malay Land Reserve because although the Malays called Malaya Tanah Melayu, there is actually no real land belonging to them. The most unfair excision of Malay Reserve land was that involving tin-bearing in Perak. Valuable Malay Reserve lands were exchanged for worthless jungle of no use. The unfortunate position of the Malays, which prompted the laws, has not been completely corrected. Another ‘legal’ inequality concerned with education. Educationally, the Malays are far behind the other communities. The reason for this poor showing of Malay students is their chronic poverty and rural background. One way the Government is helping education is by granting scholarships. The best schools are in towns whose population are almost exclusively non-Malay. Urban child definitely has greater chance of going there than a rural child.
Every year the examination results show acute disparity between races. For years to come the average higher educational qualifications of the Malays are going to lag behind other races. The usual competition between applicants for entry into the universities is going to work to the disadvantage of the Malays. The bigger the difference between available places and number of applicants, the smaller is the chance for the Malays. This leads to lesser chances of urbanizing. The less urban the Malays are, the greater the inequality between the races. Employment opportunities for the Malays are limited because of the discrimination in commercial and business circles controlled by non-Malays. In Government there is no such discrimination. But poor education of the Malays has not been taken into account within this non-discriminatory exercise.
In Malaysia, the fact that every community feels that it is being discriminated against is proof that racial equality is not very well understood. For the non-Malays their discontent and resentment is the presence of laws and policies that seems to favor the Malays. Their idea is that they are the second class citizens. Repealing this so-called discriminatory laws will not only fail to create racial equality but will widen the gap between races. Races are also distinguished by character. Inherent racial character explains the rapid recovery of Germany and Japan after they are defeated in World War 2 and development of South America lags behind compared to North America although both have equal rich resources. Racial character and behavior cannot be changed rapidly by man-made law. Still the change is possible. It takes times to adjust to and also incentive plus a favorable atmosphere.
The basis of the Malay claim to discrimination is not man-made laws but inherent human behavior of the major racial groups in Malaysia. The Malays are naturally spiritually inclined, tolerant and easy-going while the non-Malays especially the Chinese are materialistic, aggressive and have appetite for work. To reach balance or equality these strikingly races need to adjust to each other. When the meaning of racial equality is understood that is the time when understanding and goodwill come to make it work.
The author started his point referring to national unity in United States of America. This country has a good example of nation-building. They prove that the king is not important in uniting people. After a few years after independence, the settlers of Anglo-Saxon began admitting immigrants from Russians to Chinese. These colonies has filled up with immigrants and one way to create harmony and unity was to following the US rule which state that if they want to live in those colonies and want to be nationals, they had to learn English as the national language and has to accept the fact that the language will be used in everyday life. After a few decades, the immigrants automatically will leave their own language and accept English as their daily spoken language but the culture is not forgotten at all. The new culture is practiced because the culture was allowed to develop freely.
By the end of the chapter the author point out that Malaysia can achieve unity if the agreements are provided and all of the people are agreed to the chosen language, the culture, and the religions. Malaysian in order to be one nation, all of them should follow the laws, not avoiding it and just say yes but then forget it. Discrimination should be eliminated and inter-racial marriage should be encouraged to be one united nation.
The Malay dilemma is defined in this chapter, it is stated that it is not merely economic but political as well. Today everyone talks of the relationship between racial friction and the unequal development of the different races in Malaysia. At one time it was thought that the best way to treat this disparity was to ignore it. Some even believed that there was no dilemma because the Malays had no wish to be anything but their modest selves. For the Malay dilemma is also a Malaysian dilemma. The Malaysian nation cannot expect to thrive and prosper with this cancer eating away at its heart. The Malays form a substantial portion of the population and anything affecting them must affect the nation. It is therefore imperative that a determined attempt be made to solve this dilemma.
The first need is revolution. Revolution is a word which is unduly feared in Malaysia. Revolution creates visions of assassinations and anarchy. But revolutions can be creative and orderly if the mechanics are understood by those best able to carry them through. The alternative is evolution. Evolution cannot be properly controlled in speed or in objective. It depends far too much on circumstances and a multitude of factors difficult to detect and therefore difficult to utilize and control. If revolution is to be a carefully to the Malay problem in Malaysia, it must be a carefully planned revolution; it must be enlightened and it must avoid the pitfalls and mistakes of other revolutions. This is where an analysis of the Malay character, culture and abilities is useful. For a revolution to succeed in Malaysia, it is essential that we recognize what can be done away with and what remain and even be propagated. The object is the betterment of the Malays and not the destruction of others. Malays can be made to take their proper place in Malaysian society without having to displace others.
The first thing that comes to mind is that the vast majority of Malays is feudalist and wishes to remain so. A revolution which starts off by preaching the destruction of the established monarchical order will therefore fail. It will not win the support of the majority of orthodox Malays. In any case, the monarchy has done no real harm to the Malays or to anyone else. The maintenance of the system is no doubt costly, but being separated from power, the rulers cannot constitute a tyranny. Beside a Malaya without rulers would mean the complete eclipse of the Malays. It is the rulers who have in the past furnished, and continue to present the Malay character of Malaya. Remove them, and the last vestige of traditional Malaya would disappear. This is why the Malays have remained feudalist despite their new education and political sophistication.
Urbanization, acquisition of new skills and the acceptance by the Malays of new values which are still compatible with their religion and their basically feudal outlook would constitute revolution. Admittedly there is nothing new in these suggestions. All these things are indeed happening. But so far, the pace is a process of gentle evolution involving neither concerted action nor ruthlessness in implementation. The whole process must be planned and executed with speed and thoroughness to produce complete and radical changes in the Malays. If the revolution is brought about they would be rehabilitated and their dilemma would be over. The nation would be able to progress without the burden of a Malay problem.
The author elaborates on his view on problems faced by Malays in Malaya in those days during the ruling of British, Japan and with the influence of Thai Government at a point. Since the Malays are exceptionally known by their personality of polite and considerate of others, it is difficult for them to accept the Chinese and Indian as part of Malaya citizen as they did not value these traits they practice. Malays are considered owners of Malaya based on a few proves taken during the administration of British whereby they recognize the Sultan as the leader of each state in Malaya and when any decisions regarding Malaya is being made, The Malays have the Veto Power in deciding as compared to decisions by Chinese and Indians.
Looking in global scope on how nationality of immigrants is being fix on, the Australians administration which are off British breed decided to equalized personality and culture of its immigrants to be an international Australian personality. So as in The United States, immigrants who wish to be an American citizen is required to take an English test and is expected to practice the common culture of Americans. The similarity between these two countries is that immigrants are not trying to fight for their culture to be part of the country’s culture while they are still free to practice it.
The situation of nationalization on immigrants is different in Malaya; as The Chinese and Indians fight for equality in nationality status with the Malays as they claim that they have been here long enough and have contribute to the prosperity of this land. The author expressed his thoughts on why general equality in nationality is not possible and why any decision on immigrant’s nationality must be based on The Malays agreement by stating that Malays are purely citizen of Malaya and it has been proved by certification by the Japanese Emperor, Chinese Emperor, Thai Emperor, and Vietnamese Emperor.
Language and nationality have been a big issue for Malays and immigrants during those days. It symbolizes unity and common traits citizens of a nation shared. As Chinese and Indians are free to practice their language and education system, it is not fair to say or give them equal nationality as what the Malays get. National identity in diverse culture is hard to measure but nevertheless, Malays still have the sole power to determine it all. Nationality in Malaya is never claimed as the immigrants’ rights, and usually can be identified after a few generations of immigrants have resided at a foreign place.
The author insisted that an understanding of the value systems and ethical codes of the Malays is a prerequisite for the planning of their future. He believed that there are several factors contributed to the value systems of the Malays, he explains that “Islam is the greatest single influence on the Malay value concepts and ethical codes. But it is important to remember that it is not so much the religion, but the interpretation of the doctrines of Islam which has the most significant effect”. The author continued to say that “contact with the non-Malay world has also influenced the value system of the Malays. This contact may be divided into two; that is, with the non-Malay Muslim world of which the most significant is contact with the Arab world both at home and abroad; and contact with the non Muslim people, the Europeans, the Chinese and others”.
Subsequently, the author has discussed a few moral concepts such as good, pleasure, formality, temperance, courage and ritual from the Malays point of view. He elaborates that “the Malay community regards life as transient and is a time when one prepares for the hereafter. Worldly life is therefore dedicated not to pleasure or merriment but to serious religious thought and obedience to the injunctions of religion. To be too preoccupied with worldly things, such as accumulation of wealth, is bad”. With regard to time, the author summarizes that “Life is related to time. To live is to exist for a period of time. Life and time are therefore inseparable. If life is valued, time must be valued. Unfortunately this relationship between life and time does not seem to be appreciated by the Malays. Life is valuable but time is not”.
Then, the author has conclude the code of ethics and value systems of the Malay by saying “Malays do not understand the potential capacity of money special of those who reside in rural areas, even among the urban Malays personal finance is not widely exercised and therefore concepts like money saving is hardly applied and that is what makes the Malays poor businessmen”.
Communal politics and parties are those politics and parties that follow certain group/community or race interest. The author pointed that communalism has long existed, and despite claims to the contrary, there are no truly non-communal political parties in Malaysia. All political parties are communal in their politics, he continued. The only difference between the parties is their approach to the racial problem. He then explained the two schools of thought on this issue.
The first group believes in openly accepting racial differences and finding ways and means to minimize these differences in order to achieve an equitable society. The other group believes in ignoring the fact of racial differences, and in an atmosphere of instant equality between citizens, they pursue their politics which, in analysis show to be extremely communal.
The author noted that those who say “forget race” are either naïve or knaves. He continued on to say that an equitable society would promote racial integration. And of course if the races are integrated, not only would racial politics be anachronistic but racial political parties would fail to find enough support to survive. Equality has to be established first for race loyalties to disappear and integration to take place.
Finally the author decided to compare Malaysia and Singapore interests, indicating that both countries need each other. He explained how the countries differs and how they similar with common interest by explaining the factors that affect relationship between sovereign nations and that include; geography, history, ideology, ethnic origin, and language.
After explaining these factors the author said “Malaysia and Singapore can therefore be close friends, partners in trade and possibly allies in peace and war.” He closed the chapter by explaining that whether friendly relations without trade dependence will be to Singapore’s liking is another question. But it is quite clear that what happens between Malaysia and Singapore depends very much on what Singapore chooses to do.
AUTHOR’S OPINIONS REVIEW
The author was the fourth Prime Minister and the most important person for Malaysia’s rapid modernization. The contents in this book are his interpretation of the Malay’s point of view. The reason why he wrote this book is that he want to explain the causes for the 13 May riots in Kuala Lumpur, to explain why the Malays are economically backwards and many other issues about Malays.
We do agree with author’s point of view as the fact that have been told in the book are very strong combining with the incident that happens back in 1950s were real. The author comments on what went wrong with Malays indeed are true with the Chinese situation and Malays feeling that feel insecure with the situation after a few election. Until now the Chinese still argued about the Malays privileged that they don’t get the favor. For us, it is obvious that Malays have more privileged rather than Chinese because Malaya is Malays land. The Chinese and Indians are the immigrants who become locals because of their long stay in Malaya. That is the point that the author said in the book and we agreed to that.
Also on the economic chapter, we agreed with the author about the fact that the Malays are a little backwards in economy and business area. The Chinese monopolized this area because they know well in ingratiated them with all levels of authority in the states which later gives advantages to them in doing business freely in Malaya. They become more powerful when the British are willingly to protect them in order to maximize their profits. That’s the reason why Chinese population increased because of the arrival of the skillful workers and a few of unskillful coolies. We couldn’t agree more with the author as all of these stories are all over the Malaya history and everybody knows what happen back in 1950s.
THE MORAL VALUES & SELF-RELATED
The content of this book highlights majorly about the Malays and the dilemmas which mostly in economical and political fields. From the book, we learned about the most important qualities in bringing our nation up like the desire to keep and being an astute in most situations which is crucial. Being a final year student, we have to prepare ourselves with the challenges that we will be facing when working with other peoples and quickly adept to the situation. Besides, we also have to have the desire to learn on the particular fields so that we can improve and succeed in whatever field we join when working.
The author stressed that the lack of determination makes the Malays fall deeply into the dilemma. As students, we should determine in doing any tasks and also determine to prove our point so that others will not think that it is just another cheap talk from us. In reality, people will not take you seriously if you are lack of determination thus they will not open big opportunities to improve ourselves.
Finally, from the book, we learned that if we are succeeding in any fields we are joined, the achievement is not only for us but also for our nation. Thus, it is important for us to always remember that to keep the pride of our nations and will not be rejected by any other nations in the future.
THE RATIONALITY TO THE MALAYSIAN STUDIES COURSE
The Malay Dilemma is a critical and balanced analysis of Malaysia's preferential race policy and its impact on the nation's delicate race dynamics and economy. It helps us to indulge into the factors which are critical to nations’ prosperity in terms of economy and peacefulness as we are soon going to be part of the economy actors when we graduate, besides helping us to possibly nurture out the sense of understanding to different races in Malaysia at the end of this report. In line with the proposed learning outcomes of Malaysian Studies, this book explains the history on nations’ early struggle to strive on becoming an independent and harmony state at the same time discovering the hardships faced by warriors in the making of Malaysia. Studying this book have open up our minds to be more interested into discovering ways that we can excel our nation even more successfully to the next stage, by which requires successful integration between different races. This book have broaden our mind to appreciate as we continue on the Malaysian Studies syllabus and have become an extra material for us to refer to in the process of learning this course. We have also learned and are able to relate to the nation’s identity and citizenship to ourselves and it helps our international student member in our team to understand how Malaysia was and how it has become.
"Winning Days"
The winning days are gone
Because I know just where I'm seeing
Was given eyes I know I can hear
Cause underneath there's gold
I need to get around to find it
When I wanna go
I can dream
I've been trying
All my time
I'm just seeing it rise
'Cause it could be the land that's over me
So I just wanna let it breathe
Get up and go outside
It can help your mind too
Get up don't hide away
Cause I know where they go
I've seen you down when I was flying
I'm sinking like a stone
I can't breathe
I've been trying...
"sonnet"
My friend and me
Looking through her red box of memories
Faded I'm sure
But love seems to stick in her veins you know
Yes, there's love if you want it
Don't sound like no sonnet, my lord
Yes, there's love if you want it
Don't sound like no sonnet, my lord
My lord
Why can't you see
That nature has its way of warning me
Eyes open wide
Looking at the heavens with a tear in my eye
Yes, there's love if you want it
Don't sound like no sonnet, my lord
Yes, there's love if you want it
Don't sound like no sonnet, my lord
My lord
Sinking fast within a boat without a hull
My lord
Dreaming about the day when I can see you there
My side
By my side
Here we go again and my head is gone, my lord
I stop to say hello
'Cause I think you should know by now
By now
By now
By now
By now
By now
Oh, by now
Oh, by now
Oh, by now
Oh, by now
"Friday Im in Love"
I don't care if monday's blue tuesday's grey and wednesday too thursday I don't care about you it's friday I'm in love monday you can fall apart tuesday wednesday break my heart thursday doesn't even start it's friday I'm in love saturday wait and sunday always comes too late but friday never hesitate... I don't care if monday's black tuesday wednesday heart attack thursday never looking back it's friday I'm in love monday you can hold your head tuesday wednesday stay in bed or thursday watch the walls instead it's friday I'm in love saturday wait and sunday always comes too late but friday never hesitate... dressed up to the eyes it's a wonderful surprise to see your shoes and your spirits rise throwing out your frown and just smiling at the sound and as sleek as a shriek spinning round and round always take a big bite it's such a gorgeous sight to see you eat in the middle of the night you can never get enough enough of this stuff it's friday I'm in love
manufacturing
Manufacturing is the use of machines, tools and labor to make things for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be used for manufacturing other, more complex products, such as household appliances or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to end users - the "consumers".
Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems. In a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more frequently directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In free market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation.
Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead.
The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in the United States include General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Chrysler, Boeing, Gates Corporation and Pfizer. Examples in Europe include Airbus, Daimler, BMW, Fiat, and Michelin Tyre.
Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems. In a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more frequently directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In free market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation.
Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead.
The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in the United States include General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Chrysler, Boeing, Gates Corporation and Pfizer. Examples in Europe include Airbus, Daimler, BMW, Fiat, and Michelin Tyre.
law of thermodynamic
Introduction
The starting point for most thermodynamic considerations are the laws of thermodynamics, which postulate that energy can be exchanged between physical systems as heat or work.[6] They also postulate the existence of a quantity named entropy, which can be defined for any isolated system that is in thermodynamic equilibrium.[7] In thermodynamics, interactions between large ensembles of objects are studied and categorized. Central to this are the concepts of system and surroundings. A system is composed of particles, whose average motions define its properties, which in turn are related to one another through equations of state. Properties can be combined to express internal energy and thermodynamic potentials, which are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and spontaneous processes.
With these tools, the usage of thermodynamics describes how systems respond to changes in their surroundings. This can be applied to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, such as engines, phase transitions, chemical reactions, transport phenomena, and even black holes. The results of thermodynamics are essential for other fields of physics and for chemistry, chemical engineering, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, cell biology, biomedical engineering, materials science, and economics to name a few.[8][9]
[edit] Developments
Sadi Carnot (1796-1832), the father of thermodynamics
Main article: History of thermodynamics
The history of thermodynamics as a scientific discipline generally begins with Otto von Guericke who, in 1650, built and designed the world's first vacuum pump and demonstrated a vacuum using his Magdeburg hemispheres. Guericke was driven to make a vacuum in order to disprove Aristotle's long-held supposition that 'nature abhors a vacuum'. Shortly after Guericke, the Irish physicist and chemist Robert Boyle had learned of Guericke's designs and, in 1656, in coordination with English scientist Robert Hooke, built an air pump.[10] Using this pump, Boyle and Hooke noticed a correlation between pressure, temperature, and volume. In time, Boyle's Law was formulated, which states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Then, in 1679, based on these concepts, an associate of Boyle's named Denis Papin built a bone digester, which was a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confined steam until a high pressure was generated.
Later designs implemented a steam release valve that kept the machine from exploding. By watching the valve rhythmically move up and down, Papin conceived of the idea of a piston and a cylinder engine. He did not, however, follow through with his design. Nevertheless, in 1697, based on Papin's designs, engineer Thomas Savery built the first engine. Although these early engines were crude and inefficient, they attracted the attention of the leading scientists of the time. Their work led 127 years later to Sadi Carnot, the "father of thermodynamics", who, in 1824, published Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, a discourse on heat, power, and engine efficiency. The paper outlined the basic energetic relations between the Carnot engine, the Carnot cycle, and Motive power. It marked the start of thermodynamics as a modern science.[3]. The term thermodynamics was coined by James Joule in 1849 to designate the science of relations between heat and power.[3] By 1858, "thermo-dynamics", as a functional term, was used in William Thomson's paper An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat.[11] The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankine, originally trained as a physicist and a civil and mechanical engineering professor at the University of Glasgow.[12]
Classical thermodynamics is the original early 1800s variation of thermodynamics concerned with thermodynamic states, and properties as energy, work, and heat, and with the laws of thermodynamics, all lacking an atomic interpretation. In precursory form, classical thermodynamics derives from chemist Robert Boyle’s 1662 postulate that the pressure P of a given quantity of gas varies inversely as its volume V at constant temperature; i.e. in equation form: PV = k, a constant. From here, a semblance of a thermo-science began to develop with the construction of the first successful atmospheric steam engines in England by Thomas Savery in 1697 and Thomas Newcomen in 1712. The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously in the 1850s, primarily out of the works of William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin).
With the development of atomic and molecular theories in the late 1800s and early 1900s, thermodynamics was given a molecular interpretation. This field, called statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamics, relates the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic or bulk properties of materials that can be observed in everyday life, thereby explaining thermodynamics as a natural result of statistics and mechanics (classical and quantum) at the microscopic level. The statistical approach is in contrast to classical thermodynamics, which is a more phenomenological approach that does not include microscopic details. The foundations of statistical thermodynamics were set out by physicists such as James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, Max Planck, Rudolf Clausius and J. Willard Gibbs.
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of energy with chemical reactions or with a physical change of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. During the years 1873-76 the American mathematical physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs published a series of three papers, the most famous being On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, in which he showed how thermodynamic processes could be graphically analyzed, by studying the energy, entropy, volume, temperature and pressure of the thermodynamic system, in such a manner to determine if a process would occur spontaneously.[13] During the early 20th century, chemists such as Gilbert N. Lewis, Merle Randall, and E. A. Guggenheim began to apply the mathematical methods of Gibbs to the analysis of chemical processes.[14]
[edit] The Four Laws
Main article: Laws of thermodynamics
The present article is focused on classical thermodynamics, which is focused on systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. It is wise to distinguish classical thermodynamics from non-equilibrium thermodynamics, which is concerned with systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium.
In thermodynamics, there are four laws that do not depend on the details of the systems under study or how they interact. Hence these laws are very generally valid, can be applied to systems about which one knows nothing other than the balance of energy and matter transfer. Examples of such systems include Einstein's prediction, around the turn of the 20th century, of spontaneous emission, and ongoing research into the thermodynamics of black holes.
These four laws are:
* Zeroth law of thermodynamics, about thermal equilibrium:
If two thermodynamic systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
If we grant that all systems are (trivially) in thermal equilibrium with themselves, the Zeroth law implies that thermal equilibrium is an equivalence relation on the set of thermodynamic systems. This law is tacitly assumed in every measurement of temperature. Thus, if we want to know if two bodies are at the same temperature, it is not necessary to bring them into contact and to watch whether their observable properties change with time.[15]
* First law of thermodynamics, about the conservation of energy:
The change in the internal energy of a closed thermodynamic system is equal to the sum of the amount of heat energy supplied to or removed from the system and the work done on or by the system or we can say " In an isolated system the heat is constant".
* Second law of thermodynamics, about entropy:
The total entropy of any isolated thermodynamic system always increases over time, approaching a maximum value or we can say " in an isolated system, the entropy never decreases".
* Third law of thermodynamics, about the absolute zero of temperature:
As a system asymptotically approaches absolute zero of temperature all processes virtually cease and the entropy of the system asymptotically approaches a minimum value; also stated as: "the entropy of all systems and of all states of a system is zero at absolute zero" or equivalently "it is impossible to reach the absolute zero of temperature by any finite number of processes".
See also: Bose–Einstein condensate and negative temperature.
[edit] Potentials
Main article: Thermodynamic potentials
As can be derived from the energy balance equation (or Burks' equation) on a thermodynamic system there exist energetic quantities called thermodynamic potentials, being the quantitative measure of the stored energy in the system. The five most well known potentials are:
Internal energy U\,
Helmholtz free energy A=U-TS\,
Enthalpy H=U+pV\,
Gibbs free energy G=U+pV-TS\,
Grand potential \Phi_{G}=U-TS-\mu N\,
Other thermodynamic potentials can be obtained through Legendre transformation. Potentials are used to measure energy changes in systems as they evolve from an initial state to a final state. The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure. Internal energy is the internal energy of the system, enthalpy is the internal energy of the system plus the energy related to pressure-volume work, and Helmholtz and Gibbs energy are the energies available in a system to do useful work when the temperature and volume or the pressure and temperature are fixed, respectively.
[edit] System models
Main article: Thermodynamic system
System boundary.svg
An important concept in thermodynamics is the “system”. Everything in the universe except the system is known as surroundings. A system is the region of the universe under study. A system is separated from the remainder of the universe by a boundary which may be imaginary or not, but which by convention delimits a finite volume. The possible exchanges of work, heat, or matter between the system and the surroundings take place across this boundary. Boundaries are of four types: fixed, moveable, real, and imaginary.
Basically, the “boundary” is simply an imaginary dotted line drawn around a volume of something when there is going to be a change in the internal energy of that something. Anything that passes across the boundary that effects a change in the internal energy of the something needs to be accounted for in the energy balance equation. That something can be the volumetric region surrounding a single atom resonating energy, such as Max Planck defined in 1900; it can be a body of steam or air in a steam engine, such as Sadi Carnot defined in 1824; it can be the body of a tropical cyclone, such as Kerry Emanuel theorized in 1986 in the field of atmospheric thermodynamics; it could also be just one nuclide (i.e. a system of quarks) as some are theorizing presently in quantum thermodynamics.
For an engine, a fixed boundary means the piston is locked at its position; as such, a constant volume process occurs. In that same engine, a moveable boundary allows the piston to move in and out. For closed systems, boundaries are real while for open system boundaries are often imaginary. There are five dominant classes of systems:
1. Isolated Systems – matter and energy may not cross the boundary
2. Adiabatic Systems – heat must not cross the boundary
3. Diathermic Systems - heat may cross boundary
4. Closed Systems – matter may not cross the boundary
5. Open Systems – heat, work, and matter may cross the boundary (often called a control volume in this case)
As time passes in an isolated system, internal differences in the system tend to even out and pressures and temperatures tend to equalize, as do density differences. A system in which all equalizing processes have gone practically to completion, is considered to be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium.
In thermodynamic equilibrium, a system's properties are, by definition, unchanging in time. Systems in equilibrium are much simpler and easier to understand than systems which are not in equilibrium. Often, when analysing a thermodynamic process, it can be assumed that each intermediate state in the process is at equilibrium. This will also considerably simplify the situation. Thermodynamic processes which develop so slowly as to allow each intermediate step to be an equilibrium state are said to be reversible processes.
[edit] Conjugate variables
Main article: Conjugate variables (thermodynamics)
The central concept of thermodynamics is that of energy, the ability to do work. By the First Law, the total energy of a system and its surroundings is conserved. Energy may be transferred into a system by heating, compression, or addition of matter, and extracted from a system by cooling, expansion, or extraction of matter. In mechanics, for example, energy transfer equals the product of the force applied to a body and the resulting displacement.
Conjugate variables are pairs of thermodynamic concepts, with the first being akin to a "force" applied to some thermodynamic system, the second being akin to the resulting "displacement," and the product of the two equalling the amount of energy transferred. The common conjugate variables are:
* Pressure-volume (the mechanical parameters);
* Temperature-entropy (thermal parameters);
* Chemical potential-particle number (material parameters).
[edit] Instrumentation
Main article: Thermodynamic instruments
There are two types of thermodynamic instruments, the meter and the reservoir. A thermodynamic meter is any device which measures any parameter of a thermodynamic system. In some cases, the thermodynamic parameter is actually defined in terms of an idealized measuring instrument. For example, the zeroth law states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This principle, as noted by James Maxwell in 1872, asserts that it is possible to measure temperature. An idealized thermometer is a sample of an ideal gas at constant pressure. From the ideal gas law PV=nRT, the volume of such a sample can be used as an indicator of temperature; in this manner it defines temperature. Although pressure is defined mechanically, a pressure-measuring device, called a barometer may also be constructed from a sample of an ideal gas held at a constant temperature. A calorimeter is a device which is used to measure and define the internal energy of a system.
A thermodynamic reservoir is a system which is so large that it does not appreciably alter its state parameters when brought into contact with the test system. It is used to impose a particular value of a state parameter upon the system. For example, a pressure reservoir is a system at a particular pressure, which imposes that pressure upon any test system that it is mechanically connected to. The Earth's atmosphere is often used as a pressure reservoir.
It is important that these two types of instruments are distinct. A meter does not perform its task accurately if it behaves like a reservoir of the state variable it is trying to measure. If, for example, a thermometer were to act as a temperature reservoir it would alter the temperature of the system being measured, and the reading would be incorrect. Ideal meters have no effect on the state variables of the system they are measuring.
[edit] States & processes
Main article: Thermodynamic state
Main article: Thermodynamic processes
When a system is at equilibrium under a given set of conditions, it is said to be in a definite state. The thermodynamic state of the system can be described by a number of intensive variables and extensive variables. The properties of the system can be described by an equation of state which specifies the relationship between these variables. State may be thought of as the instantaneous quantitative description of a system with a set number of variables held constant.
A thermodynamic process may be defined as the energetic evolution of a thermodynamic system proceeding from an initial state to a final state. Typically, each thermodynamic process is distinguished from other processes, in energetic character, according to what parameters, as temperature, pressure, or volume, etc., are held fixed. Furthermore, it is useful to group these processes into pairs, in which each variable held constant is one member of a conjugate pair. The seven most common thermodynamic processes are shown below:
1. An isobaric process occurs at constant pressure.
2. An isochoric process, or isometric/isovolumetric process, occurs at constant volume.
3. An isothermal process occurs at a constant temperature.
4. An adiabatic process occurs without loss or gain of energy by heat.
5. An isentropic process (reversible adiabatic process) occurs at a constant entropy.
6. An isenthalpic process occurs at a constant enthalpy.
7. A steady state process occurs without a change in the internal energy of a system.
The starting point for most thermodynamic considerations are the laws of thermodynamics, which postulate that energy can be exchanged between physical systems as heat or work.[6] They also postulate the existence of a quantity named entropy, which can be defined for any isolated system that is in thermodynamic equilibrium.[7] In thermodynamics, interactions between large ensembles of objects are studied and categorized. Central to this are the concepts of system and surroundings. A system is composed of particles, whose average motions define its properties, which in turn are related to one another through equations of state. Properties can be combined to express internal energy and thermodynamic potentials, which are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and spontaneous processes.
With these tools, the usage of thermodynamics describes how systems respond to changes in their surroundings. This can be applied to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, such as engines, phase transitions, chemical reactions, transport phenomena, and even black holes. The results of thermodynamics are essential for other fields of physics and for chemistry, chemical engineering, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, cell biology, biomedical engineering, materials science, and economics to name a few.[8][9]
[edit] Developments
Sadi Carnot (1796-1832), the father of thermodynamics
Main article: History of thermodynamics
The history of thermodynamics as a scientific discipline generally begins with Otto von Guericke who, in 1650, built and designed the world's first vacuum pump and demonstrated a vacuum using his Magdeburg hemispheres. Guericke was driven to make a vacuum in order to disprove Aristotle's long-held supposition that 'nature abhors a vacuum'. Shortly after Guericke, the Irish physicist and chemist Robert Boyle had learned of Guericke's designs and, in 1656, in coordination with English scientist Robert Hooke, built an air pump.[10] Using this pump, Boyle and Hooke noticed a correlation between pressure, temperature, and volume. In time, Boyle's Law was formulated, which states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Then, in 1679, based on these concepts, an associate of Boyle's named Denis Papin built a bone digester, which was a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confined steam until a high pressure was generated.
Later designs implemented a steam release valve that kept the machine from exploding. By watching the valve rhythmically move up and down, Papin conceived of the idea of a piston and a cylinder engine. He did not, however, follow through with his design. Nevertheless, in 1697, based on Papin's designs, engineer Thomas Savery built the first engine. Although these early engines were crude and inefficient, they attracted the attention of the leading scientists of the time. Their work led 127 years later to Sadi Carnot, the "father of thermodynamics", who, in 1824, published Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, a discourse on heat, power, and engine efficiency. The paper outlined the basic energetic relations between the Carnot engine, the Carnot cycle, and Motive power. It marked the start of thermodynamics as a modern science.[3]. The term thermodynamics was coined by James Joule in 1849 to designate the science of relations between heat and power.[3] By 1858, "thermo-dynamics", as a functional term, was used in William Thomson's paper An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat.[11] The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankine, originally trained as a physicist and a civil and mechanical engineering professor at the University of Glasgow.[12]
Classical thermodynamics is the original early 1800s variation of thermodynamics concerned with thermodynamic states, and properties as energy, work, and heat, and with the laws of thermodynamics, all lacking an atomic interpretation. In precursory form, classical thermodynamics derives from chemist Robert Boyle’s 1662 postulate that the pressure P of a given quantity of gas varies inversely as its volume V at constant temperature; i.e. in equation form: PV = k, a constant. From here, a semblance of a thermo-science began to develop with the construction of the first successful atmospheric steam engines in England by Thomas Savery in 1697 and Thomas Newcomen in 1712. The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously in the 1850s, primarily out of the works of William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin).
With the development of atomic and molecular theories in the late 1800s and early 1900s, thermodynamics was given a molecular interpretation. This field, called statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamics, relates the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic or bulk properties of materials that can be observed in everyday life, thereby explaining thermodynamics as a natural result of statistics and mechanics (classical and quantum) at the microscopic level. The statistical approach is in contrast to classical thermodynamics, which is a more phenomenological approach that does not include microscopic details. The foundations of statistical thermodynamics were set out by physicists such as James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, Max Planck, Rudolf Clausius and J. Willard Gibbs.
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of energy with chemical reactions or with a physical change of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. During the years 1873-76 the American mathematical physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs published a series of three papers, the most famous being On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, in which he showed how thermodynamic processes could be graphically analyzed, by studying the energy, entropy, volume, temperature and pressure of the thermodynamic system, in such a manner to determine if a process would occur spontaneously.[13] During the early 20th century, chemists such as Gilbert N. Lewis, Merle Randall, and E. A. Guggenheim began to apply the mathematical methods of Gibbs to the analysis of chemical processes.[14]
[edit] The Four Laws
Main article: Laws of thermodynamics
The present article is focused on classical thermodynamics, which is focused on systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. It is wise to distinguish classical thermodynamics from non-equilibrium thermodynamics, which is concerned with systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium.
In thermodynamics, there are four laws that do not depend on the details of the systems under study or how they interact. Hence these laws are very generally valid, can be applied to systems about which one knows nothing other than the balance of energy and matter transfer. Examples of such systems include Einstein's prediction, around the turn of the 20th century, of spontaneous emission, and ongoing research into the thermodynamics of black holes.
These four laws are:
* Zeroth law of thermodynamics, about thermal equilibrium:
If two thermodynamic systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
If we grant that all systems are (trivially) in thermal equilibrium with themselves, the Zeroth law implies that thermal equilibrium is an equivalence relation on the set of thermodynamic systems. This law is tacitly assumed in every measurement of temperature. Thus, if we want to know if two bodies are at the same temperature, it is not necessary to bring them into contact and to watch whether their observable properties change with time.[15]
* First law of thermodynamics, about the conservation of energy:
The change in the internal energy of a closed thermodynamic system is equal to the sum of the amount of heat energy supplied to or removed from the system and the work done on or by the system or we can say " In an isolated system the heat is constant".
* Second law of thermodynamics, about entropy:
The total entropy of any isolated thermodynamic system always increases over time, approaching a maximum value or we can say " in an isolated system, the entropy never decreases".
* Third law of thermodynamics, about the absolute zero of temperature:
As a system asymptotically approaches absolute zero of temperature all processes virtually cease and the entropy of the system asymptotically approaches a minimum value; also stated as: "the entropy of all systems and of all states of a system is zero at absolute zero" or equivalently "it is impossible to reach the absolute zero of temperature by any finite number of processes".
See also: Bose–Einstein condensate and negative temperature.
[edit] Potentials
Main article: Thermodynamic potentials
As can be derived from the energy balance equation (or Burks' equation) on a thermodynamic system there exist energetic quantities called thermodynamic potentials, being the quantitative measure of the stored energy in the system. The five most well known potentials are:
Internal energy U\,
Helmholtz free energy A=U-TS\,
Enthalpy H=U+pV\,
Gibbs free energy G=U+pV-TS\,
Grand potential \Phi_{G}=U-TS-\mu N\,
Other thermodynamic potentials can be obtained through Legendre transformation. Potentials are used to measure energy changes in systems as they evolve from an initial state to a final state. The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure. Internal energy is the internal energy of the system, enthalpy is the internal energy of the system plus the energy related to pressure-volume work, and Helmholtz and Gibbs energy are the energies available in a system to do useful work when the temperature and volume or the pressure and temperature are fixed, respectively.
[edit] System models
Main article: Thermodynamic system
System boundary.svg
An important concept in thermodynamics is the “system”. Everything in the universe except the system is known as surroundings. A system is the region of the universe under study. A system is separated from the remainder of the universe by a boundary which may be imaginary or not, but which by convention delimits a finite volume. The possible exchanges of work, heat, or matter between the system and the surroundings take place across this boundary. Boundaries are of four types: fixed, moveable, real, and imaginary.
Basically, the “boundary” is simply an imaginary dotted line drawn around a volume of something when there is going to be a change in the internal energy of that something. Anything that passes across the boundary that effects a change in the internal energy of the something needs to be accounted for in the energy balance equation. That something can be the volumetric region surrounding a single atom resonating energy, such as Max Planck defined in 1900; it can be a body of steam or air in a steam engine, such as Sadi Carnot defined in 1824; it can be the body of a tropical cyclone, such as Kerry Emanuel theorized in 1986 in the field of atmospheric thermodynamics; it could also be just one nuclide (i.e. a system of quarks) as some are theorizing presently in quantum thermodynamics.
For an engine, a fixed boundary means the piston is locked at its position; as such, a constant volume process occurs. In that same engine, a moveable boundary allows the piston to move in and out. For closed systems, boundaries are real while for open system boundaries are often imaginary. There are five dominant classes of systems:
1. Isolated Systems – matter and energy may not cross the boundary
2. Adiabatic Systems – heat must not cross the boundary
3. Diathermic Systems - heat may cross boundary
4. Closed Systems – matter may not cross the boundary
5. Open Systems – heat, work, and matter may cross the boundary (often called a control volume in this case)
As time passes in an isolated system, internal differences in the system tend to even out and pressures and temperatures tend to equalize, as do density differences. A system in which all equalizing processes have gone practically to completion, is considered to be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium.
In thermodynamic equilibrium, a system's properties are, by definition, unchanging in time. Systems in equilibrium are much simpler and easier to understand than systems which are not in equilibrium. Often, when analysing a thermodynamic process, it can be assumed that each intermediate state in the process is at equilibrium. This will also considerably simplify the situation. Thermodynamic processes which develop so slowly as to allow each intermediate step to be an equilibrium state are said to be reversible processes.
[edit] Conjugate variables
Main article: Conjugate variables (thermodynamics)
The central concept of thermodynamics is that of energy, the ability to do work. By the First Law, the total energy of a system and its surroundings is conserved. Energy may be transferred into a system by heating, compression, or addition of matter, and extracted from a system by cooling, expansion, or extraction of matter. In mechanics, for example, energy transfer equals the product of the force applied to a body and the resulting displacement.
Conjugate variables are pairs of thermodynamic concepts, with the first being akin to a "force" applied to some thermodynamic system, the second being akin to the resulting "displacement," and the product of the two equalling the amount of energy transferred. The common conjugate variables are:
* Pressure-volume (the mechanical parameters);
* Temperature-entropy (thermal parameters);
* Chemical potential-particle number (material parameters).
[edit] Instrumentation
Main article: Thermodynamic instruments
There are two types of thermodynamic instruments, the meter and the reservoir. A thermodynamic meter is any device which measures any parameter of a thermodynamic system. In some cases, the thermodynamic parameter is actually defined in terms of an idealized measuring instrument. For example, the zeroth law states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This principle, as noted by James Maxwell in 1872, asserts that it is possible to measure temperature. An idealized thermometer is a sample of an ideal gas at constant pressure. From the ideal gas law PV=nRT, the volume of such a sample can be used as an indicator of temperature; in this manner it defines temperature. Although pressure is defined mechanically, a pressure-measuring device, called a barometer may also be constructed from a sample of an ideal gas held at a constant temperature. A calorimeter is a device which is used to measure and define the internal energy of a system.
A thermodynamic reservoir is a system which is so large that it does not appreciably alter its state parameters when brought into contact with the test system. It is used to impose a particular value of a state parameter upon the system. For example, a pressure reservoir is a system at a particular pressure, which imposes that pressure upon any test system that it is mechanically connected to. The Earth's atmosphere is often used as a pressure reservoir.
It is important that these two types of instruments are distinct. A meter does not perform its task accurately if it behaves like a reservoir of the state variable it is trying to measure. If, for example, a thermometer were to act as a temperature reservoir it would alter the temperature of the system being measured, and the reading would be incorrect. Ideal meters have no effect on the state variables of the system they are measuring.
[edit] States & processes
Main article: Thermodynamic state
Main article: Thermodynamic processes
When a system is at equilibrium under a given set of conditions, it is said to be in a definite state. The thermodynamic state of the system can be described by a number of intensive variables and extensive variables. The properties of the system can be described by an equation of state which specifies the relationship between these variables. State may be thought of as the instantaneous quantitative description of a system with a set number of variables held constant.
A thermodynamic process may be defined as the energetic evolution of a thermodynamic system proceeding from an initial state to a final state. Typically, each thermodynamic process is distinguished from other processes, in energetic character, according to what parameters, as temperature, pressure, or volume, etc., are held fixed. Furthermore, it is useful to group these processes into pairs, in which each variable held constant is one member of a conjugate pair. The seven most common thermodynamic processes are shown below:
1. An isobaric process occurs at constant pressure.
2. An isochoric process, or isometric/isovolumetric process, occurs at constant volume.
3. An isothermal process occurs at a constant temperature.
4. An adiabatic process occurs without loss or gain of energy by heat.
5. An isentropic process (reversible adiabatic process) occurs at a constant entropy.
6. An isenthalpic process occurs at a constant enthalpy.
7. A steady state process occurs without a change in the internal energy of a system.
sample resume
RESUME
MOHD. ZULKARNAIN B. NOORZALLI
LOT 3815, JALAN KENANGA,
KAMPUNG SURA JETI,
23000 DUNGUN,
TERENGGANU.
PHONE. NO: 09-8440000 / 019-9300000
E-MAIL: mohdzulkarnain.shore@yahoo.com.
mohdzulkarnain.zalli@exxonmobil.com.
PERSONAL DETAILS
Age : 25th Years
Date of Birth : 18th May 1983
Identity Card No. : 830111-14-5697
Place of Birth : Kuala Lumpur
Nationality : Malaysian
Race : Malay
Religion : Islam
Marital Status : Married
Gender : Male
Height/ Weight : 170 cm/ 74 kg
CAREER OBJECTIVE
A challenging position as an I&E Technician, Production Technician and Store man. To seek a competitive and technologically in related industry whereby my experiences in the field of electricity, maintenance, general worker and store management can be technically transfer to and utilized.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Jul 2001- Dec 2002 – Pusat Kemahiran Bintai Kinden (PKBK)
Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur.
Sijil Kemahiran Malaysia (SKM)
Majlis Latihan Vokasional Kebangsaan (MLVK)
Electrician and Maintenance Work – Pass Level 1 & 2
Learning Skill
Basic First Aid, Administer Safety Practice, Perform Metal Work, Read, Interpret and Design Construction Drawings, Perform Surface Wiring, Perform Concealed Wiring, Perform Conduit, Trunking And Cable Tray Wiring, Use Measurement, Test And Protection Instrument, Terminate And Joint Electrical Conductors, Perform domestic Appliances, Perform Industrial Equipment Installations, Perform DC System Installations, Perform Machineries Operation, Perform Installation Inspection, Perform Maintenance Work, Trace And Rectify Faults.
Other Knowledge
Power Transformer, Main Switch Board, Power Factor, Motor Controller and Air Conditioner
1999 – 2000 – SMK Sultan Omar Dungun, Terengganu.
Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM)
Pass
1996 – 1998 – SMK Sultan Omar Dungun, Terengganu.
Penilaian Menengah Rendah (PMR)
Pass
COLLEGE AND SCHOOL ACTIVITIES
• Member of Malaysia Red Crescent Society, Member and Instructor Assistant of Taekwon- Do Club (ITF), (Terengganu Deputize for National Competition), Educational Trip to British Malaysian Institute (BMI) and German Malaysian Institute (GMI), Educational Trip to Electrical Power Station at Kapar, Kelang. ITF National Taekwon-do Championship, 2000,2001,2002 (National), WTF (MTA) National Taekwon-Do Championship, 2003 (National), Football (District), Badminton (School), ITF Taekwon-Do Club (Chairman), Youth Scout Movement (Member), Engineering and Invention Club (Member), Anti Crime Club (Member).
WORK EXPERIENCE
Company : ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysia Inc. (Company No : 992953-X)
Menara ExxonMobil, 50088 Kuala Lumpur City Center, Kuala Lumpur.
Position : Platform Store Person / Store man (Direct Hire)
Job : Maintenance – Raised MWO, RQ and RES for order materials, for repair equipment and work using SOCRATES and MCRS system. Offload & back loading Cargo from and to KSB and other locations. Attend Chopper landing. Prepare paper work such as MTF, Manifest for KSB, PMOH and related. Using Stock 21.1 system to maintain materials inside store. Check and Arrange materials received from KSB or other locations. Arrange materials for send to KSB or other locations and other store man related jobs.
Field : Irong Barat Alfa
Period : January 2008 until now
Company : CARIMIN SDN. BHD. (Company No.: 181710-U)
Unit C3-3, Megan Avenue 1, 189 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel: 603-21612199 Fax: 603-21642199, 603-21649199
89, Rumah Kedai PERMINT, Bandar Baru Kerteh, 24300 Kerteh, Terengganu Darul Iman
Tel: 609-8266022 Fax: 609-8266023
Position : Platform Clerk / Store man
Place : ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysian Inc. platform
Maintenance – Raised MWO, RQ and RES for order Materials and Repair materials, check stocks at Kemaman Supply Base (KSB) and worked using SOCRATES system. Offload & back load Cargo with properly handling hand signal. Check and prepare paper work (MTF and Manifest) for sent out materials to KSB. Use Stocks 20 system for stocks control. Prepared Weekly highlight report, over stocks 20 report, material on hold report and list, weekly and monthly stocks 20 report and others interconnected reports. Arrange materials received and sent materials to onshore for service, repairs and others store man related job.
Field : Seligi Alfa
Period : January 2007 until December 2007
Company : GISSCO SDN. BHD. (Company No.: 25592 P)
151 Jalan Aminuddin Baki
Taman Tun Dr. Ismail
60000 Kuala Lumpur
Telephone No. : 03-77294126 Fax No.: 03-77272306
Kawasan Perindustrian Jakar 3, Geliga, Kemaman.
Telephone No. : 09-8686190 Fax No.: 09-8686216
Position : Platform Clerk / Store man
Place : ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysian Inc. platform
Maintenance – Order Materials using Socrates. Offload & back load Cargo with properly handling hand signal. Housekeeping if required. Use Stocks 20 For stocks control. Make Weekly highlight report, over stocks report and others interconnected report. Arrange materials received and sent materials to onshore for service, repairs and others store man related jobs.
Field : Larut Alfa
Period : 1st August until 31st October 2006
Company : GISSCO SDN. BHD. (Company No.: 25592 P)
Position : Roustabout Maintenance and Production Assistant
Place : ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysian Inc. platform
Maintenance – Assist Store man Offload & back load Cargo with properly handling hand signal. Housekeeping and deck wash. Assist maintenance group in either mechanical or process activity/ repair (Utility, Facilities) and I&E Technicians. Production- Top-up lube oil to Glycol Pump daily, top-up lube oil on Pump lube oil pots, Check TG and TC enclosures for any leaks and mop if necessary, Carry out routine check on Production Facilities and report any abnormalities, Acknowledge all Solartron alarms regularly, Open and shut in well choke valve and increase/ reduce gas lift choke valve as require, top-up chemical ( PPD, Polyelectrolyte and others) and all production related jobs.
Field : Larut Alfa
Period : 01st February 2006 until 15th July 2006
Company : GISSCO SDN. BHD. (Company No.: 25592 P)
Position : Roustabout ( CMS - FSE )
Place : All ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysian Inc. platform
( JeA Prod & Compression, GuA & Satellite and SmA & SmB )
Perform Quarterly Preventative Maintenance ( P.M. ) for Portable Dry Chemical
( PDC ), Portable Carbon Dioxide ( PCO2 ), Light Water Station ( LWS ), Hose Reel, Fire Monitor ( MN & MNA ), Life Raft, and others safety equipment. Change LWS hose leaking, service and repair fire monitor nozzle not functioned, repair/ replace new LWS valve handle badly corroded and others job.
Period : 21st November 2005 to 19th January 2006
Company : GISSCO SDN. BHD. (Company No.: 25592 P)
Position : Roustabout
Place : ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysian Inc. platform Maintenance – Work for Helicopter Landing Officer and Refueling Team, Offload & back load Cargo with properly handling hand signal. Assist maintenance group in either mechanical or process activity/ repair (Utility, Facilities), I&E Technicians and Production technician. Assist Store man for store arrangement and management, inject sealant and greasing for the X'mas tree, housekeeping and relate offshore work. Tapis Delta has a lot of equipments such as turbo machinery, (MOL) main oil line pump, booster pump and valve have been working on.
Field : Tapis Delta/ Pump.
Period : 26th August 2003 until 8th November 2005
Company : Kong Liong Electrical Engineering,
Block A9-G-4, Jalan Mewah 4, Taman Pandan Mewah,
68000 Ampang, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Position : Electrician/ technician
Place : Pantai Dalam Telekom Tower (Storey 54 & 55) and
Bangunan Kehakiman dan Undang-Undang Putrajaya
Period : 01st Jan – 30th April 2003
Company : Kong Liong Electrical Engineering,
Block A9-G-4, Jalan Mewah 4, Taman Pandan Mewah,
68000 Ampang, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Position : Electrician/ technician (Practical Training)
Place : Great Eastern Building (Shopping Complex),
Pantai Dalam Telekom Tower (Storey 53).
Period : 01st Sep – 30th Nov 2002
ADDITIONAL INFO
Willing to travel and relocate, possess own transport
Availability: Immediately after notice period of 1 month(s)
OTHER SKILL
Computer: Knowledge on software such as Microsoft Word, Excel and Internet.
Language: Malay and slight conversant in English
TRAINING AND COURSES ATTENDED
• Sea Survival and HUET, Offshore Orientation, Fire Fighting, Damage Control Team, Helicopter Landing Officer/ Helideck Liaison Crew and Team Building
EXPECTED SALARY
RM 2600.00 (negotiable)
REFERENCES
Company : ExxonMobil Exploration and Production Malaysia Inc
Name : Mohd Nizam Crin B. Abdullah
Position : Supervisor
Relationship : Senior Maintenance Supv
Address : Platform Tapis Delta/ Pump
Name : Syed Abdul Halim B. Syed Hashim/ Yew Woon Fatt
Position : Platform Supervisor
Tel. No. : 09-8302000 ext. 7032
Address : Platform Larut A
Name : Amirudin Md. Din
Position : Platform Supervisor
Tel. No : 09-8302000 ext. 8032
Address : Platform Seligi A
Name : Hisham Adnan/ Ling Do Ching
Position : Platform Supervisor
Tel. No : 09-8302000 ext. 7632
Address : Platform Irong Barat A
Name : Teo Kin Phew / S. Santhanandan
Position : Platform Supervisor
Tel. No : 09-8302000 ext. 7932
MOHD. ZULKARNAIN B. NOORZALLI
LOT 3815, JALAN KENANGA,
KAMPUNG SURA JETI,
23000 DUNGUN,
TERENGGANU.
PHONE. NO: 09-8440000 / 019-9300000
E-MAIL: mohdzulkarnain.shore@yahoo.com.
mohdzulkarnain.zalli@exxonmobil.com.
PERSONAL DETAILS
Age : 25th Years
Date of Birth : 18th May 1983
Identity Card No. : 830111-14-5697
Place of Birth : Kuala Lumpur
Nationality : Malaysian
Race : Malay
Religion : Islam
Marital Status : Married
Gender : Male
Height/ Weight : 170 cm/ 74 kg
CAREER OBJECTIVE
A challenging position as an I&E Technician, Production Technician and Store man. To seek a competitive and technologically in related industry whereby my experiences in the field of electricity, maintenance, general worker and store management can be technically transfer to and utilized.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Jul 2001- Dec 2002 – Pusat Kemahiran Bintai Kinden (PKBK)
Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur.
Sijil Kemahiran Malaysia (SKM)
Majlis Latihan Vokasional Kebangsaan (MLVK)
Electrician and Maintenance Work – Pass Level 1 & 2
Learning Skill
Basic First Aid, Administer Safety Practice, Perform Metal Work, Read, Interpret and Design Construction Drawings, Perform Surface Wiring, Perform Concealed Wiring, Perform Conduit, Trunking And Cable Tray Wiring, Use Measurement, Test And Protection Instrument, Terminate And Joint Electrical Conductors, Perform domestic Appliances, Perform Industrial Equipment Installations, Perform DC System Installations, Perform Machineries Operation, Perform Installation Inspection, Perform Maintenance Work, Trace And Rectify Faults.
Other Knowledge
Power Transformer, Main Switch Board, Power Factor, Motor Controller and Air Conditioner
1999 – 2000 – SMK Sultan Omar Dungun, Terengganu.
Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM)
Pass
1996 – 1998 – SMK Sultan Omar Dungun, Terengganu.
Penilaian Menengah Rendah (PMR)
Pass
COLLEGE AND SCHOOL ACTIVITIES
• Member of Malaysia Red Crescent Society, Member and Instructor Assistant of Taekwon- Do Club (ITF), (Terengganu Deputize for National Competition), Educational Trip to British Malaysian Institute (BMI) and German Malaysian Institute (GMI), Educational Trip to Electrical Power Station at Kapar, Kelang. ITF National Taekwon-do Championship, 2000,2001,2002 (National), WTF (MTA) National Taekwon-Do Championship, 2003 (National), Football (District), Badminton (School), ITF Taekwon-Do Club (Chairman), Youth Scout Movement (Member), Engineering and Invention Club (Member), Anti Crime Club (Member).
WORK EXPERIENCE
Company : ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysia Inc. (Company No : 992953-X)
Menara ExxonMobil, 50088 Kuala Lumpur City Center, Kuala Lumpur.
Position : Platform Store Person / Store man (Direct Hire)
Job : Maintenance – Raised MWO, RQ and RES for order materials, for repair equipment and work using SOCRATES and MCRS system. Offload & back loading Cargo from and to KSB and other locations. Attend Chopper landing. Prepare paper work such as MTF, Manifest for KSB, PMOH and related. Using Stock 21.1 system to maintain materials inside store. Check and Arrange materials received from KSB or other locations. Arrange materials for send to KSB or other locations and other store man related jobs.
Field : Irong Barat Alfa
Period : January 2008 until now
Company : CARIMIN SDN. BHD. (Company No.: 181710-U)
Unit C3-3, Megan Avenue 1, 189 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel: 603-21612199 Fax: 603-21642199, 603-21649199
89, Rumah Kedai PERMINT, Bandar Baru Kerteh, 24300 Kerteh, Terengganu Darul Iman
Tel: 609-8266022 Fax: 609-8266023
Position : Platform Clerk / Store man
Place : ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysian Inc. platform
Maintenance – Raised MWO, RQ and RES for order Materials and Repair materials, check stocks at Kemaman Supply Base (KSB) and worked using SOCRATES system. Offload & back load Cargo with properly handling hand signal. Check and prepare paper work (MTF and Manifest) for sent out materials to KSB. Use Stocks 20 system for stocks control. Prepared Weekly highlight report, over stocks 20 report, material on hold report and list, weekly and monthly stocks 20 report and others interconnected reports. Arrange materials received and sent materials to onshore for service, repairs and others store man related job.
Field : Seligi Alfa
Period : January 2007 until December 2007
Company : GISSCO SDN. BHD. (Company No.: 25592 P)
151 Jalan Aminuddin Baki
Taman Tun Dr. Ismail
60000 Kuala Lumpur
Telephone No. : 03-77294126 Fax No.: 03-77272306
Kawasan Perindustrian Jakar 3, Geliga, Kemaman.
Telephone No. : 09-8686190 Fax No.: 09-8686216
Position : Platform Clerk / Store man
Place : ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysian Inc. platform
Maintenance – Order Materials using Socrates. Offload & back load Cargo with properly handling hand signal. Housekeeping if required. Use Stocks 20 For stocks control. Make Weekly highlight report, over stocks report and others interconnected report. Arrange materials received and sent materials to onshore for service, repairs and others store man related jobs.
Field : Larut Alfa
Period : 1st August until 31st October 2006
Company : GISSCO SDN. BHD. (Company No.: 25592 P)
Position : Roustabout Maintenance and Production Assistant
Place : ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysian Inc. platform
Maintenance – Assist Store man Offload & back load Cargo with properly handling hand signal. Housekeeping and deck wash. Assist maintenance group in either mechanical or process activity/ repair (Utility, Facilities) and I&E Technicians. Production- Top-up lube oil to Glycol Pump daily, top-up lube oil on Pump lube oil pots, Check TG and TC enclosures for any leaks and mop if necessary, Carry out routine check on Production Facilities and report any abnormalities, Acknowledge all Solartron alarms regularly, Open and shut in well choke valve and increase/ reduce gas lift choke valve as require, top-up chemical ( PPD, Polyelectrolyte and others) and all production related jobs.
Field : Larut Alfa
Period : 01st February 2006 until 15th July 2006
Company : GISSCO SDN. BHD. (Company No.: 25592 P)
Position : Roustabout ( CMS - FSE )
Place : All ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysian Inc. platform
( JeA Prod & Compression, GuA & Satellite and SmA & SmB )
Perform Quarterly Preventative Maintenance ( P.M. ) for Portable Dry Chemical
( PDC ), Portable Carbon Dioxide ( PCO2 ), Light Water Station ( LWS ), Hose Reel, Fire Monitor ( MN & MNA ), Life Raft, and others safety equipment. Change LWS hose leaking, service and repair fire monitor nozzle not functioned, repair/ replace new LWS valve handle badly corroded and others job.
Period : 21st November 2005 to 19th January 2006
Company : GISSCO SDN. BHD. (Company No.: 25592 P)
Position : Roustabout
Place : ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysian Inc. platform Maintenance – Work for Helicopter Landing Officer and Refueling Team, Offload & back load Cargo with properly handling hand signal. Assist maintenance group in either mechanical or process activity/ repair (Utility, Facilities), I&E Technicians and Production technician. Assist Store man for store arrangement and management, inject sealant and greasing for the X'mas tree, housekeeping and relate offshore work. Tapis Delta has a lot of equipments such as turbo machinery, (MOL) main oil line pump, booster pump and valve have been working on.
Field : Tapis Delta/ Pump.
Period : 26th August 2003 until 8th November 2005
Company : Kong Liong Electrical Engineering,
Block A9-G-4, Jalan Mewah 4, Taman Pandan Mewah,
68000 Ampang, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Position : Electrician/ technician
Place : Pantai Dalam Telekom Tower (Storey 54 & 55) and
Bangunan Kehakiman dan Undang-Undang Putrajaya
Period : 01st Jan – 30th April 2003
Company : Kong Liong Electrical Engineering,
Block A9-G-4, Jalan Mewah 4, Taman Pandan Mewah,
68000 Ampang, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Position : Electrician/ technician (Practical Training)
Place : Great Eastern Building (Shopping Complex),
Pantai Dalam Telekom Tower (Storey 53).
Period : 01st Sep – 30th Nov 2002
ADDITIONAL INFO
Willing to travel and relocate, possess own transport
Availability: Immediately after notice period of 1 month(s)
OTHER SKILL
Computer: Knowledge on software such as Microsoft Word, Excel and Internet.
Language: Malay and slight conversant in English
TRAINING AND COURSES ATTENDED
• Sea Survival and HUET, Offshore Orientation, Fire Fighting, Damage Control Team, Helicopter Landing Officer/ Helideck Liaison Crew and Team Building
EXPECTED SALARY
RM 2600.00 (negotiable)
REFERENCES
Company : ExxonMobil Exploration and Production Malaysia Inc
Name : Mohd Nizam Crin B. Abdullah
Position : Supervisor
Relationship : Senior Maintenance Supv
Address : Platform Tapis Delta/ Pump
Name : Syed Abdul Halim B. Syed Hashim/ Yew Woon Fatt
Position : Platform Supervisor
Tel. No. : 09-8302000 ext. 7032
Address : Platform Larut A
Name : Amirudin Md. Din
Position : Platform Supervisor
Tel. No : 09-8302000 ext. 8032
Address : Platform Seligi A
Name : Hisham Adnan/ Ling Do Ching
Position : Platform Supervisor
Tel. No : 09-8302000 ext. 7632
Address : Platform Irong Barat A
Name : Teo Kin Phew / S. Santhanandan
Position : Platform Supervisor
Tel. No : 09-8302000 ext. 7932
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